Package for multiple light emitting diodes

ABSTRACT

Substrates and packages for LED-based light devices can significantly improve thermal performance and provide separate electrical and thermal paths through the substrate. One substrate includes multiple electrically insulating base layers. On a top one of these layers are disposed top-side electrical contacts, including light device pads to accommodate a plurality of light devices. External electrical contacts are disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate. Electrical paths connect the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts. At least portions of some of the electrical paths are disposed between the electrically insulating base layers. The electrical paths can be arranged such that different subsets of the light device pads are addressable independently of each other. A heat dissipation plate can be formed on the bottom surface of a bottom one of the base layers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/167,761, filed Apr. 8, 2009, entitled “Package for Multiple Light Emitting Diodes,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention relate to solid-state light devices, and more specifically to packages for solid-state light devices.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light when an electric current is passed therethrough. LEDs have many advantages over conventional lighting sources, including compact size, low weight, longer life time, high vibration resistance, and higher reliability. In addition to having widespread applications for electronic products as indicator lights, LEDs also have become an important alternative light source for various applications where incandescent and fluorescent lamps have traditionally dominated.

Additionally, wider applicability of LEDs has been made possible through the use of phosphors in conjunction with LEDs. A phosphor is a luminescent material that, when excited by a light of a certain wavelength, produces a light at a different wavelength, thus modifying the output light of the LED. Accordingly, where a particular color is desired and that color cannot be produced by available LEDs cost effectively, phosphors can be used as light “converters” to alter the color of the light produced by an available LED to the desired color.

For example, phosphors are now used with monochromatic LEDs to produce white light. Using phosphors to convert the light produced by an LED to white light has proven to be a viable alternative to conventional white light sources, including incandescent light sources and the direct red-green-blue (RGB) LED methods in which multiple monochromatic LEDs are combined in a RGB scheme to produce white light.

In a typical LED-based white light producing device, a monochromatic LED is encapsulated by a transparent material containing appropriate compensatory phosphors. The wavelength(s) of the light emitted from the compensatory phosphor is compensatory to the wavelength of the light emitted by the LED such that the wavelengths from the LED and the compensatory phosphor mix together to produce white light. For instance, a blue LED-based white light source produces white light by using a blue light LED and a phosphor that emits a yellowish light when excited by the blue light emitted from the LED. In these devices the amount of the phosphor in the transparent material is controlled such that only a fraction of the blue light is absorbed by the phosphor while the remainder passes unabsorbed. The yellowish light and the unabsorbed blue light mix to produce white light.

Another exemplary scheme uses an LED that produces light outside of the visible spectrum, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, together with a mixture of phosphors capable of producing either red, green, or blue light when excited. In this scheme, the light emitted by the LED only serves to excite the phosphors and does not contribute to the final color balance.

To provide an operational lamp, one or more LED dice are typically mounted on a substrate that provides electrical contacts and mechanical couplings and covered with one or more layers of optically transparent and/or wavelength-shifting materials, in some cases including a primary lens to direct the exiting light. This combination of LEDs, substrate, and optical materials is sometimes referred to as a “package.” The lamp itself may also include a secondary lens, heat sink, mechanical and/or electrical connections allowing the lamp to be installed in a light fixture, and so on.

As demand for better lighting devices continues to increase, it would be desirable to provide cost-effective LED-based lighting sources having high brightness.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Brightness of existing LED-based lamps is limited in part by problems of thermal management. Operating LEDs produce considerable heat as well as light. As the operating current (or power) of an LED increases, more heat is produced. The heat must be channeled away from the LED, as overheating will damage the LED die. Existing packages often limit the overall brightness of an LED-based lamp by limiting the amount of heat that can be dissipated.

Embodiments of the present invention provide substrates and packages for LED-based light devices that can significantly improve thermal performance, allowing the LEDs to operate at higher current and therefore higher brightness. In addition, some embodiments provide improved electrical properties by providing separate electrical and thermal paths through the substrate. The separation of electrical and thermal paths further allows different operating current to be supplied to different LEDs, enhancing the ability to control the light output of the device.

One aspect of the present invention relates to a substrate for lighting apparatus. In one embodiment, the substrate includes multiple electrically insulating base layers. A number of top-side electrical contacts, including light device pads sized and positioned to accommodate a plurality of light devices, are disposed on a top one of the electrically insulating base layers. A number of external electrical contacts are disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate. Electrical paths connect the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts. At least portions of some of the electrical paths are disposed between the electrically insulating base layers. The electrical paths can be arranged such that different subsets of the light device pads are addressable independently of each other.

In another embodiment, a substrate includes multiple base layers of an electrically insulating material. A number of top-side electrical contacts, including a plurality of light device pads, are disposed on a top one of the base layers. Each of the light device pads can have a larger size than a light device to be disposed thereon. A number of external electrical contacts are disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate. Electrical paths connect the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts, and at least portions of some of the electrical paths are disposed between the base layers. A metal heat dissipation plate disposed on a bottom surface of a bottom one of the layers and is electrically isolated from the plurality of external contact pads.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of manufacturing substrates for lighting apparatus. In various embodiments, substrate layers can be fabricated from various materials such as ceramics that are good electrical insulators and good thermal conductors. The electrically conductive portions can include metal traces and pads applied to the layers during fabrication. In some embodiments, metal traces and pads can include sub-layers of multiple different metals (e.g., tungsten, nickel, gold, and silver).

Another aspect of the present invention relates to packages for use in lamps and other lighting applications. In some embodiments, a package can include a substrate (e.g., any of the embodiments described above), light devices (e.g., LEDs and/or light sensors) mounted on and electrically connected to the top-side electrical contacts, and a primary lens disposed over the light devices. A region between the light devices and the primary lens can be filled with an optically transparent medium that can provide, for example, optical index-matching and adhesive properties to hold the primary lens in position.

The following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a lamp according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a simplified side view of a substrate for an LED package according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a 4-LED package according to an embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 3A is a simplified top view of a substrate; FIG. 3B is a simplified cutaway top view of the substrate of FIG. 3A; FIG. 3C is a simplified schematic illustration of the electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 3B; and FIG. 3D is a bottom view of the substrate of FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate a 12-LED package according to another embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 4A is a simplified top view of a substrate; FIG. 4B is a simplified cutaway top view of the substrate of FIG. 4A; FIG. 4C is a table identifying electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 4B; FIG. 4D is a simplified schematic illustration of the electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 4B; FIG. 4E is a simplified schematic illustration of another configuration of electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 4B; and FIG. 4F is a bottom view of the substrate of FIG. 4A.

FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate a 16-LED package according to another embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 5A is a simplified top view of a substrate; FIG. 5B is a cutaway top view of the substrate of FIG. 5A; FIG. 5C is a table identifying electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 5B; FIG. 5D is a simplified schematic illustration of the electrical connections among certain components shown in FIG. 5B; FIG. 5E is a simplified block diagram of a dynamic feedback and control system that can be used in conjunction with the substrate of FIG. 5A; and FIG. 5F is a bottom view of the substrate of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram showing a metal layer formed on a ceramic surface according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart of a process for fabricating ceramic substrates for LED packages according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified cutaway side view of an assembled LED package according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide substrates and packages for LED-based light devices that can significantly improve thermal performance, allowing the LEDs to operate at higher current and therefore higher brightness. In addition, some embodiments provide improved electrical properties by providing separate electrical and thermal paths through the substrate. The separation of electrical and thermal paths further allows different operating current to be supplied to different LEDs, enhancing the ability to control the light output of the device.

FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a lamp according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, lamp 100 includes light source substrate 101, primary lens 106, and secondary lens 110. Light source substrate 101 can include multiple LEDs, two of which, 102 and 104, are shown in FIG. 1. Any number and type of LEDs may be used. In one embodiment, each LED is a blue LED (any LED that emits light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum) and has a coating of a material containing yellow phosphor applied over its top surface. The yellow phosphor shifts the wavelength of some of the blue light into the yellow region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the resulting mixture of blue and yellow light yields a white light source. Further details related to coating and arranging LEDs to produce light of a desired color are described in commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/420,800, filed Apr. 8, 2009, entitled “Lighting Apparatus Having Multiple Light-Emitting Diodes with Individual Light-Conversion Layers.” Such arrangements of LEDs can be used in a lamp in conjunction with package embodiments described below. However, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular type or arrangement of LEDs.

Primary lens 106 overlies substrate 101. As shown, LEDs 102, 104 can be arranged in a cavity 107 within substrate 101. The sides of cavity 107 can be coated with reflective material. Cavity 107 can be empty, or it can be filled with an optically transparent substance (e.g., silicone, glass, sol-gel) that provides index matching to LEDs 102, 104 and/or primary lens 106. In some embodiments, cavity 107 may also contain a wave-shifting material (e.g., phosphor) for altering the color of light emitted by LEDs 102, 104.

Lamp 100 has a secondary lens 110 overlying substrate 101 and primary lens 106. In an embodiment, secondary lens 110 is configured to mix light from LEDs 102, 104 at least partially via total internal reflection. Additionally, lens 110 can be configured to provide substantially centered projected light even when the light source is positioned off the optical axis. (For example, both LEDs 102 and 104 in FIG. 1 are positioned off the optical axis 120.)

In a specific embodiment, secondary lens 110 has a body member 112, which has an outer surface region 114 and an interior open channel 116 that extends longitudinally through the body member 112. Body member 112 and interior open channel 116 are substantially symmetric with respect to optical axis 120. In an embodiment, the outer surface region 114 is shaped to provide total internal reflection. The end region opposite substrate 101 has a circular surface 140, which can be shaped into microlenses that provide control over the shape of the emitted light. Further examples of a secondary lens suitable for use in lamp 100 can be found in commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/420,802, filed Apr. 8, 2009, entitled “Total Internal Reflection Lens and Mechanical Retention and Locating Device.” It is to be understood that other lenses can also be used and that the present invention is not limited to a particular lens (or indeed to any lens at all).

Lamp 100 may also have a power control circuit (not shown) coupled to LEDs 102, 104. In particular, substrate 101 advantageously provides electrical connection paths from its outer surface to LEDs 102, 104. As described below, different connection paths can be provided to different LEDs, and the power control circuit may be configured to supply different current to different LEDs, thereby allowing relative brightness of different LEDs within lamp 100 to be controlled.

FIG. 2 is a simplified side view of a substrate 200 for an LED package according to an embodiment of the present invention. Substrate 200 is formed as a series of layers 201-205 of a ceramic material (e.g., alumina or aluminum nitride (AlN)). Layers 201-205 have different thicknesses that can be optimized to control thermal expansion and thermal stress. For example, layers 201 and 202 can be 0.15 millimeters (mm) each, layer 203 can be 0.10 mm, layer 204 can be 0.50 mm, and layer 205 can be 0.15 mm, for a total thickness of 1.05 mm.

Upper layers 204 and 205 define a recess 210 within which one or more LEDs (not shown) can be placed. In one embodiment, recess 210 has the shape of a truncated cone; sidewall 211 is circular and slanted inward, e.g., at an angle of about 20° with respect to the vertical axis. Sidewall 211 of recess 210 can be coated with a reflective material (e.g., silver) to increase light output of the device.

Upper layer 205 can provide a circular opening, allowing light to escape from recess 210. In this embodiment, the edge of layer 205 is set back from the edge of layer 204 at the periphery of recess 210, thereby forming a ledge 212 upon which a primary lens can be placed.

Layers 201-203 provide a base for the package. A patterned metal layer 214 is deposited on top-most base layer 203 within recess 210. Patterned metal layer 214 provides various bond pads (e.g., pad 220) for electrical contacts to LEDs disposed within recess 210. (These are referred to herein as “top-side” bond pads because they are on the topmost one of the base layers.) Specific examples are described below, but it will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to any particular configuration of bond pads or of metal layer 214.

External electrical contacts 216, 218 are provided at a peripheral edge of substrate 200. In one embodiment, external contacts 216, 218 include metal coatings that extend vertically along the entire thickness of substrate 200. Any number of external contacts can be provided. Each top-side bond pad of patterned metal layer 214 can be connected to one (or more) of the external electrical contacts, e.g., using metal lines disposed between ceramic layers and metal vias passing through the ceramic layers. By way of illustration, FIG. 2 shows top-side bond pad 220 connected to external contact 216 by interlayer metal lines 222, 224 and vias 226, 228. Any configuration of connections may be used. Further, in some embodiments, some of the top-side bond pads can be connected to each other by interlayer metal lines and vias that do not connect to external electrical contacts. In some embodiments, as described below, the electrical connections are arranged such that power can be supplied separately to different LEDs or groups of LEDs. In some embodiments, external contacts 216, 218 may also extend inward on the bottom surface of substrate 200, e.g., as bottom metal pads 232, 234.

A metal plate 230 is disposed on the bottom surface of bottom layer 201. Metal plate 230, which is advantageously circular and as large as possible in some embodiments, provides a metallic surface for attaching a heat sink. Metal plate 230 is advantageously electrically isolated from the various electrical paths and pads that may be present on, within, and/or under substrate 200.

As noted above, substrate 200 can be used to support any number and arrangement of LEDs. Specific examples of 4-LED, 12-LED, and 16-LED configurations will now be described. Those skilled in the art with access to the present teachings will understand that many other configurations are also possible.

FIG. 3A is a simplified top view of a substrate 300 for a 4-LED package according to an embodiment of the present invention. Substrate 300, viewed from the top, can be a square of any size desired, e.g., about 0.4-2 cm on a side; in one embodiment, the square is about 0.7 mm on a side. Its thickness can be, e.g., about 0.7-2 mm or other thickness as desired. Like substrate 200 of FIG. 2, substrate 300 is formed as a set of ceramic layers of different thicknesses. A recess 302 is defined by an angled sidewall 310 and surrounded by a ledge 312, similar to recess 210, sidewall 211, and ledge 212 of FIG. 2. Top-side metal bond pads 314 a-e are disposed within the recess. In this embodiment, four peripheral bond pads 320 a-d are provided for external electrical contacts. An LED (not shown) can be bonded to each top-side bond pad 314 a-d and connected to another top-side bond pad, e.g., by a wire bond.

Depending on how the LEDs are connected and how top-side bond pads 314 a-e are electrically coupled to peripheral bond pads 320 a-d, a number of electrical configurations are possible.

For example, FIG. 3B is a cutaway top view of substrate 300, with the upper layers forming sidewall 310 and ledge 312 (e.g., corresponding to upper layers 204 and 205 of FIG. 2) removed. The inner periphery of recess 302 is indicated by broken line 303. As can be seen, top-side bond pads 314 a-e can extend outward beyond the boundary of recess 302, further spreading heat across more of the upper surface of the ceramic substrate 300.

FIG. 3B also shows how four LEDs 330 a-d can be placed and electrically connected to substrate 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, each of LEDs 330 a-d has an electrical contact on its bottom surface (not explicitly shown) and a top pad (also not explicitly shown) for a wire bond 340 a-d. For purposes of illustration, an electrical connection between top-side bond pad 314 a and peripheral bond pad 320 a is represented by a line 342, and an electrical connection between LED bond pad 314 e and peripheral bond pad 320 d is represented by a line 344. It is to be understood that lines 342, 344 may be implemented as metal layers between ceramic layers, e.g., as shown in FIG. 2. For example, lines 342, 344 may be created on a layer below the layer seen in FIG. 3B and connected to pads 314 a, 314 e by vias 343, 345. The particular routing may be varied from that shown. In addition, in some embodiments, redundant connections may be provided; for example, pad 314 a might also be connected to peripheral bond pad 320 b, and pad 314 e might also be connected to peripheral bond pad 320 c.

The pad configuration of FIG. 3B provides a serial connection among LEDs 330 a-d. Specifically, peripheral bond pad 320 a connects to top-side bond pad 314 a, as indicated by line 342. LED 330 a is connected between top-side bond pad 314 a and top-side bond pad 314 b by wire bond 340 a. LED 330 b is connected between top-side bond pad 314 b and top-side bond pad 314 c by wire bond 340 b. LED 330 c is connected between top-side bond pad 314 c and top-side bond pad 314 d by wire bond 340 c. LED 330 d is connected between top-side bond pad 314 d and top-side bond pad 314 e by wire bond 340 d. Bond pad 314 e is connected to peripheral bond pad 320 d, as indicated by line 344. Thus, LEDs 330 a-d are connected in series between peripheral bond pad 320 a and peripheral bond pad 320 d; this connection is also illustrated schematically in FIG. 3C. In this configuration, applying a potential difference between peripheral bond pad 320 a and peripheral bond pad 320 d will provide power to all four LEDs 330 a-d.

Referring again to FIG. 3B, it should be noted that top-side bond pads 314 a-e are advantageously made as large as possible and can be substantially larger than LEDs 330 a-d. The large area of the bond pads allows heat generated by the LEDs to spread quickly across the upper surface of the ceramic substrate, increasing the amount of heat that can be transferred vertically through the substrate.

FIG. 3D is a bottom view of substrate 300 of FIG. 3A. A metal region 370, which is advantageously circular is centered relative to recess 302 (FIG. 3A). Metal region 370 acts as a heat dissipation plate. A heat sink can be placed in thermal contact with metal region 370 to further dissipate heat.

Peripheral bond pads 320 a-d can extend along the entire vertical thickness of substrate 300 (similar to substrate 200 in FIG. 2) and can be connected to bottom pads 350 a-d. External electrodes (e.g., wires) can be connected directly to peripheral bond pads 320 a-d and/or to bottom pads 350 a-d as desired.

It should be noted that metal region 370 is not electrically coupled to any of peripheral bond pads 320 a-d; bottom pads 350 a-d; or LED bond pads 314 a-e. Thus, metal region 370, in conjunction with the thermally conductive ceramic body of substrate 300, provides a thermal path through substrate 200 that is separate from the electrical path.

It will be appreciated that the 4-LED package of FIGS. 3A-3D is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. For example, while in the embodiment shown, all four LEDs are connected in series, other configurations are possible; for instance two of the LEDs can be connected in series, while the other two LEDs are independently connected in series, thus providing two separate electrical connection paths and allowing current or voltage to each pair of LEDs to be separately controlled. In other embodiments, a separate electrical connection can be provided to each LED. In some embodiments, separate control of current or voltage to different subsets of the LEDs can be used to control output light color, e.g., as described below.

FIG. 4A is a simplified top view of a substrate 400 for a 12-LED package according to another embodiment of the present invention. Substrate 400, viewed from the top, can be a square of any size desired, e.g., about 0.7-5 cm on a side; in one embodiment, the square is bout 9 mm on a side. Its thickness can be, e.g., about 0.5-2 mm or other thickness as desired; in one embodiment, the thickness is between 0.7-1 mm. Like substrate 200 of FIG. 2, substrate 400 is formed as a set of ceramic layers. A recess 402 is defined by an angled sidewall 404 and optionally surrounded by a ledge (not explicitly shown), similar to recess 210 and ledge 212 of FIG. 2. Top-side bond pads, which include LED bond pads 410 a-f, and wire bond pads 412 a-l, are disposed within the recess. In this embodiment, twenty-four peripheral bond pads 420 a-x are provided for external electrical contacts. Twelve LEDs (not shown in FIG. 4A) can be bonded to LED bond pads 410 a-f, and connected, e.g., via wire bonds, to wire bond pads 412 a-l, as shown in FIG. 4B and described below.

Depending on how the LEDs are connected and how top-side bond pads 410 a-l, 412 a-l, are electrically coupled to peripheral bond pads 420 a-x, a number of electrical configurations are possible.

For example, FIG. 4B is a cutaway top view of substrate 400, with the upper layers forming sidewall 404 (e.g., corresponding to layers 204 and 205 of FIG. 2) removed. The inner periphery of recess 402 is indicated by broken line 403. As can be seen, some of top-side bond pads 410 a-l, 412 a-l, can extend outward beyond the boundary of recess 402, further spreading heat across more of the upper surface of ceramic substrate 400. In addition, some of top-side bond pads 410 a-l, 412 a-l, can connect to some of peripheral bond pads 420 a-x without the use of vias or metal interconnects between other layers. Connections to the remaining bond pads are not explicitly shown in FIG. 4B; however, FIG. 4C is a table identifying which top-side bond pad(s) 410 a-l, 412 a-l, are connected to each peripheral bond pad 420 a-x. It is to be understood that paths not shown in FIG. 4B may be implemented using vias and metal interconnect between the ceramic layers (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2). For example, metal interconnects may be created on a layer below the layer seen in FIG. 4B and connected to the various pads by vias.

FIG. 4B also shows how twelve LEDs 430 a-l can be placed and electrically connected to substrate 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, each of LEDs 430 a-l has an electrical contact on its bottom surface (not explicitly shown) and a top pad (also not explicitly shown) for a wire bond 440 a-l.

The pad configuration of FIG. 4B can provide a separate, independently controllable, electrical connection path for each of the twelve LEDs 430 a-l. (Herein, LEDs or groups of LEDs with a separate electrical connection path are referred to as being “independently addressable.”) For example, peripheral bond pad 420 b connects to LED bond pad 410 a. LED 430 a is connected between LED bond pad 410 a and wire bond pad 412 a by wire bond 440 a. Wire bond pad 412 a connects to peripheral bond pad 420 c. Likewise, peripheral bond pad 420 w connects to LED bond pad 410 c. LED 430 c is connected between bond pad 410 c and bond pad 412 c by wire bond 440 c. Bond pad 412 c is connected to peripheral bond pad 420 v. Further, peripheral bond pad 420 x connects to LED bond pad 410 d (the connection is not explicitly shown). LED 430 d is connected between LED bond pad 410 d and wire bond pad 412 d by wire bond 440 d. Wire bond pad 440 d connects to peripheral bond pad 420 a (again, the connection is not explicitly shown). Similarly, each other LED 430 is electrically coupled between a different pair of peripheral bond pads.

Thus, LEDs 430 a-l are each individually addressable; this is also illustrated schematically in FIG. 4D. In this configuration, applying a potential difference across the appropriate pair of peripheral bond pads will provide power to one of the twelve LEDs 430 a-l. The individually addressable connections to the LEDs provide flexibility to make connections outside of the package and thereby connect the LEDs together in different groups. For example, LEDs 430 a-l could be connected into four groups of three LEDs each or two groups of six LEDs each. The LEDs within a group can be connected in series or in parallel as desired. For example, FIG. 4E is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration with two groups of six LEDs 460 connected in series according to another embodiment of the present invention.

In still other embodiments, series or parallel connections of multiple LEDs can be “built in” to the substrate. For example, if a wire bond pad (e.g., pad 412 d) were electrically connected to an LED bond pad (e.g., pad 410 c), a serial connection would be permanently defined for LEDs 430 c, 430 d. Such a connection can be made directly between the pads, or indirectly using vias and metal interconnects between base layers of substrate 400.

Referring again to FIG. 4B, it should be noted that LED bond pads 410 a-l, are advantageously made as large as possible and can be substantially larger than LEDs 430 a-l. The large area of the LED bond pads allows heat generated by LEDs 430 a-l, to spread quickly across the upper surface of the ceramic substrate, increasing the amount of heat that can be transferred vertically through the substrate.

FIG. 4F is a bottom view of substrate 400 of FIG. 4A. A metal region 470, which is advantageously circular and as large as possible is centered relative to recess 402 (FIG. 4A). Metal region 470 acts as a heat dissipation plate. A heat sink can be placed in thermal contact with metal region 470 to further dissipate heat.

Peripheral bond pads 420 a-x can extend along the entire vertical thickness of substrate 400 (similar to substrate 200 of FIG. 2) and can be connected to bottom pads 460 a-x. External electrodes (e.g., wires) can be connected directly to peripheral bond pads 420 a-x and/or to bottom pads 460 a-x as desired.

It should be noted that metal region 470 is not electrically coupled to any of peripheral bond pads 420 a-x, bottom pads 460 a-x, or top-side bond pads 410 a-l, 412 a-l. Thus, metal region 470, in conjunction with the thermally conductive ceramic body of substrate 400, provides a thermal path that is separate from the electrical path.

FIG. 5A is a simplified top view of a substrate 500 for a 16-LED package according to an embodiment of the present invention. Substrate 500, viewed from the top, can be a square of any size desired, e.g., about 0.7-5 cm on a side; in one embodiment, the square is about 0.9 cm on a side. Its thickness can be, e.g., about 0.7-2 mm or other thickness as desired. Like substrate 200 of FIG. 2, substrate 500 is formed as a set of ceramic layers. A recess 502 is defined by an angled sidewall 504 and can be surrounded by a ledge (not explicitly shown), similar to recess 210 and ledge 212 of FIG. 2. Twenty-eight top-side bond pads are disposed within recess 502, including sixteen LED bond pads 510 a-p and twelve wire bond pads 512 a-p. (It should be noted that the twelve wire bond pads are numbered 512 a-c, 512 f, 512 g, and 512 j-p; for brevity, they are denoted collectively as pads 512 a-p.) In this embodiment, twenty-four peripheral bond pads 520 a-x are provided for external electrical contacts. An LED (not shown in FIG. 5A) can be bonded to each bond pad 510 a-p and connected to another bond pad 510 or 512 by bond wires.

Depending on how the LEDs are connected and how top-side bond pads 510 a-p and 512 a-p are electrically coupled to peripheral bond pads 520 a-x, a number of electrical configurations are possible.

For example, FIG. 5B is a cutaway top view of substrate 500, with the upper layers forming sidewall 504 (e.g., corresponding to layers 204 and 205 of FIG. 2) removed. The inner periphery of recess 502 is indicated by broken line 503. Sixteen LEDs 530 a-p are placed on and electrically connected to bond pads 510 a-p, 512 a-p as shown. As can be seen, some of top-side bond pads 510 a-p and 512 a-p can extend outward beyond the boundary of recess 502, further spreading heat across more of the upper surface of the ceramic substrate 500. In some embodiments, LED bond pads 510 a-p are advantageously made as large as possible and can be substantially larger than LEDs 530 a-p. The large area of the bond pads allows heat generated by the LEDs to spread quickly across the upper surface of the ceramic substrate, increasing the amount of heat that can be transferred vertically through the substrate.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5B, each LED 530 a-p is connected between an LED bond pad 510 a-p and another bond pad. In particular, each LED 530 a-p has an electrical contact on its bottom surface (not explicitly shown) and a top pad (also not explicitly shown) for a wire bond 540 a-p.

In the configuration of FIGS. 5A and 5B, there are sixteen LED bond pads 510 a-p and sixteen wire bond pads 512 a-p but only 24 peripheral bond pads 520 a-x. With this particular configuration, each LED would not be independently addressable, although various subsets of the sixteen LEDs can be addressable independently of each other, For example, in one embodiment, LEDs 530 a-530 f are connected in series between peripheral bond pads 520 w and 520 h, while LEDs 530 g-530 l are connected in series between peripheral bond pads 520 l and 520 k, thus forming two independently addressable groups of LEDs. The remaining four LEDs 530 m-p can each be independently addressable.

More specifically, peripheral bond pad 520 h can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects as shown in FIG. 2) to LED bond pad 510 f. LED 530 f is connected between LED bond pad 510 f and wire bond pad 512 f by wire bond 540 f. Wire bond pad 512 f can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 e. LED 530 e is connected between LED bond pad 510 e and LED bond pad 510 b by wire bond 540 e. LED 530 b is connected between LED bond pad 510 b and wire bond pad 512 b by wire bond 540 b. Wire bond pad 512 b can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 a. LED 530 a is connected between LED bond pad 510 a and wire bond pad 512 a by wire bond 540 a. Wire bond pad 512 a can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 d. LED 530 d is connected between LED bond pad 510 d and LED bond pad 510 c by wire bond 540 d. LED 530 c is connected between LED bond pad 510 c and wire bond pad 512 c by wire bond 540 c. Wire bond pad 512 c can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to peripheral bond pad 520 w. In some embodiments, redundant electrical connections to a second peripheral bond pad can be provided. For example, LED bond pad 510 f can be connected to peripheral bond pad 520 i in addition to peripheral bond pad 520 h. Likewise, wire bond pad 512 c can be connected to peripheral bond pad 520 x in addition to peripheral bond pad 520 w.

Similarly, peripheral bond pad 520 k can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects in a as shown in FIG. 2) to LED bond pad 510 j. LED 530 j is connected between LED bond pad 510 j and wire bond pad 512 j by wire bond 540 j. Wire bond pad 512 j can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 i. LED 530 i is connected between LED bond pad 510 i and LED bond pad 510 l, by wire bond 540 i. LED 530 l, is connected between LED bond pad 5103 and wire bond pad 5123 by wire bond 540 f. Wire bond pad 5123 can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 k. LED 530 k is connected between LED bond pad 510 k and wire bond pad 512 k by wire bond 540 k. Wire bond pad 512 k can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to LED bond pad 510 h. LED 530 h is connected between LED bond pad 510 h and LED bond pad 510 g by wire bond 540 h. LED 530 g is connected between LED bond pad 510 g and wire bond pad 512 g by wire bond 540 g. Wire bond pad 512 g can be connected (e.g., by vias and interconnects) to peripheral bond pad 520 t. In some embodiments, redundant electrical connections to a second peripheral bond pad can be provided. For example, LED bond pad 510 j can be connected to peripheral bond pad 520 l, in addition to peripheral bond pad 520 k. Likewise, wire bond pad 512 g can be connected to peripheral bond pad 520 u in addition to peripheral bond pad 520 t.

Thus, in one embodiment, LEDs 530 a-l, are electrically connected into two independently-addressable series of six LEDs each. It is to be understood that connections described above but not shown in FIG. 5B may be implemented using vias and metal interconnect between the ceramic layers (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2). For example, metal interconnects may be created on a layer below the layer seen in FIG. 5B and connected to the various pads by vias.

The remaining four LEDs 530 m-p can each be individually addressable. For example, peripheral bond pad 520 c can be connected to LED bond pad 510 m as shown. LED 530 m is connected between LED bond pad 510 m and wire bond pad 512 m by wire bond 540 m. Wire bond pad 512 m is connected to peripheral bond pad 520 b as shown. Likewise, peripheral bond pad 520 e can be connected to LED bond pad 510 n as shown. LED 530 n is connected between LED bond pad 510 n and wire bond pad 512 n by wire bond 540 n. Wire bond pad 512 n is connected to peripheral bond pad 520 f as shown. Peripheral bond pad 520 q can be connected to LED bond pad 510 o as shown. LED 530 o is connected between LED bond pad 510 o and wire bond pad 512 o by wire bond 540 o. Wire bond pad 512 o is connected to peripheral bond pad 520 r as shown. Peripheral bond pad 520 o can be connected to LED bond pad 510 p as shown. LED 530 p is connected between LED bond pad 510 p and wire bond pad 512 p by wire bond 540 p. Wire bond pad 512 p is connected to peripheral bond pad 520 n as shown.

FIG. 5C is a table identifying which top-side bond pad(s) 510 a-p, 512 a-p are connected to each peripheral bond pad 520 a-x. It should be noted that in this embodiment, the peripheral bond pads at the four corners (pads 520 a, 520 g, 520 m, 520 s) have no electrical connections, and likewise the peripheral bond pads at the midpoints of each side (pads 520 d, 520 j, 520 p, 520 v) have no electrical connections. This design choice can improve reliability if the manufacturing process is more likely to result in defects at the corners and/or midpoints. Other choices may also be made.

FIG. 5D is a schematic diagram showing electrical connectivity for the embodiment described above, with LEDs 530 a-f belonging to one serially-connected group 535 and LEDs 530 g-j belonging to a different serially connected group 536. Groups 535 and 536 are independently addressable, with group 535 being controlled by applying power between peripheral bond pads 520 h and 520 w and group 536 being controlled by applying power between peripheral bond pads 520 k and 520 l. In addition, each of LEDs 530 m-p is individually addressable as indicated.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the particular connectivity shown and described herein is illustrative and that other embodiments are possible. For instance, the LEDs could be connected into four independently addressable groups of four LEDs each, two groups of four and four groups of two, or any other arrangement.

Further, in the particular embodiment shown, there are sixteen LED bond pads 510 a-p and twelve wire bond pads 512 a-p but only 24 peripheral bond pads 520 a-x. With this particular configuration, each LED would not be independently addressable, although various subsets of the sixteen LEDs can be addressable independently of each other, as shown in FIG. 5D. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments are possible, including embodiments with a larger number of peripheral bond pads or other external electrical contacts. Thus, any number of LEDs can be made independently addressable by providing a sufficient number of electrically isolated connection pads.

In one embodiment, some of top-side bond pads 510 a-p, 512 a-p can be used to connect to light sensors rather than light emitters. For example, in FIG. 5B, a first light sensor can be connected between bond pads 510 m and 512 m (in place of LED 530 m); a second light sensor can be connected between bond pads 510 n and 512 n (in place of LED 530 n); a third light sensor can be connected between bond pads 510 o and 520 o (in place of LED 530 o); and a fourth light sensor can be connected between bond pads 510 p and 512 p (in place of LED 530 p). The appropriate peripheral bond pads (e.g., as listed in FIG. 5C) can then be used to sense a signal from the respective light sensors. Such signals can be used for dynamic feedback and control of the light output of a light device.

FIG. 5E is a simplified block diagram of a dynamic feedback and control system 550 for producing a desired quality of light according to an embodiment of the invention The combination of serial and individually addressable connections enables dynamic control of light emitting devices. In this embodiment, four light sensors 552 m-p (replacing LEDs 530 m-p of FIG. 5B) are connected to a controller 554, e.g., by coupling controller 554 to the appropriate bond pads of substrate 500 of FIGS. 5A-5B. Controller 554 controls two power supplies 556 a-b. Power supply 556 a delivers power to one group 535 of serially connected LEDs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 5D) while power supply 556 b delivers power to a different group 536 of serially connected LEDs (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 5D). In operation, light sensors 552 m-p produce signals measuring characteristics of the aggregate light generated by the LEDs of groups 535, 536. Controller 554 can apply a signal to sensors 552 m-p and detect a responsive signal. Based on signals received from light sensors 552 m-p, controller 554 can control power supplies 556 a-b, which supply power to groups of LEDs 535, 536.

Thus, for example, groups 535 and 536 can consist of white LEDs that produce light in different regions of the color temperature space for white light; e.g., LEDs in group 535 can produce “warm” white light while LEDs in group 536 produce “cool” white light. Controller 554 can adjust the color temperature of the overall light by changing the relative current supplied to the two groups 535 and 536. Since higher current increases brightness, the overall color temperature will depend on the relative currents supplied to the two groups of LEDs. Certain implementations that exploit independently addressable groups of LEDs to control light color are described in above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/420,800; however, the present invention is not limited to any particular implementation or application of independently addressable LEDs.

In another embodiment, the LEDs can be connected in any number of independently addressable groups, with each group of one or more LEDs producing light of a different color. For example, four groups could be used, with one group each for red, green, blue and amber LEDs. The color of the resulting light can be modified by changing the relative current supplied to each LED or group of like-color LEDs. Thus, for example, in a theatrical spotlight, the color could be changed simply by instructing controller 554 to create a different desired color.

FIG. 5F is a bottom view of substrate 500 of FIG. 5A. A metal region 570, which is advantageously circular (other shapes can also be used) and as large as possible is centered relative to recess 502. Metal region 570 acts as a heat dissipation plate. A heat sink can be placed in thermal contact with metal region 570 to further dissipate heat.

Peripheral bond pads 520 a-x can extend along the entire vertical thickness of substrate 500 (as shown for substrate 200 in FIG. 2) and can be connected to bottom pads 560 a-x. External electrodes (e.g., wires) can be connected directly to peripheral bond pads 520 a-x and/or to bottom pads 560 a-x as desired.

It should be noted that metal region 570 is not electrically coupled to any of peripheral bond pads 520 a-x; bottom pads 560 a-x; or top-side bond pads 510 a-p, 512 a-p. Thus, metal region 570, in conjunction with the thermally conductive ceramic body of substrate 500, provides a thermal path that is separate from the electrical path.

It will be appreciated that the various substrates described herein are illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. For instance, the LEDs can be individually addressable, or groups of LEDs can be addressable together (e.g., two groups consisting of six LEDs each in the 12-LED package or 16-LED package described above). Independent addressability can permit greater control over the output light, e.g., as illustrated above with reference to FIG. 5E. For example, in an embodiment where different LEDs on the substrate produce light of different colors (e.g., red, blue, green, and amber), the color of the resulting light can be modified by changing the relative current supplied to each LED. Since higher current increases brightness, the light color will depend on the relative currents.

In another embodiment, white LEDs (e.g., a blue LED combined with yellow phosphor) can be separated into “warm” and “cool” LEDs based on the color temperature of the white light produced, which can vary widely as is known in the art. If the LEDs in each group are addressable independently of the other, the final color can be controlled by controlling the relative current supplied to each group. Examples of lighting apparatus incorporating warm white and cool white LEDs with controls for adjusting relative brightness are described in above-referenced application Ser. No. 12/420,800; it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular arrangement or type of LEDs or to any particular control system. For example, some control systems might provide manual adjustment during manufacturing and/or operation of a lighting apparatus (e.g., a lamp), and automated dynamic adjustment might or might not be incorporated.

In the embodiments described above, the ceramic material of the substrates is thermally conductive. Accordingly, the substrate will transfer heat from the LEDs to the bottom surface of the substrate as long as the temperature of the bottom surface of the substrate is lower than the temperature of the LEDs. This condition can be maintained during device operation, e.g., using a heat sink, fan, and/or other cooling technology. The large area of the LED bond pads, which are advantageously made of metals (which are thermally as well as electronically conductive), can help to spread heat quickly across the upper surface of the substrate layer on which the LEDs are placed. Spreading the heat across a larger area increases the thermal transfer performance of the ceramic substrate and also reduces mechanical stress on the substrate due to temperature differences in the lateral direction.

Further, the pad structure and metal traces and vias used to provide electrical connections to the LEDs serve to separate the thermal transfer path from the electrical transfer path. (While the metal will conduct heat, the substrate design does not rely entirely on metal for a thermal transfer path; the bulk of the substrate is ceramic, which is electrically insulating but thermally conductive.) In particular, the large heat dissipation pad on the bottom surface of the substrate is electrically isolated from the LEDs. This allows great flexibility in the design of the LED connections, for instance, allowing an LED or group of LEDs to be individually addressable, while still providing for efficient thermal transfer away from the bottom surface of the substrate.

This combination of features can also provide a significant advantage in thermal management. One figure of merit for thermal properties of an LED substrate is thermal resistance between the junction (i.e., the LED) and the case (i.e., the bottom of the substrate), denoted θ_(JC) and measured in degrees Celsius per Watt (° C./W), reflecting the temperature difference that develops across this distance. In one embodiment, a substrate for a 16-LED package has θ_(JC) of about 1° C./W, as compared to conventional substrates of similar size, where θ_(JC) is typically in the range of 7-15° C./W. This is significant, as high θ_(JC) can limit the power (and therefore brightness) of an LED. For example, at θ_(JC)=7° C./W, an LED (or group of LEDs on the same substrate) operating at 30 W would result in a junction-to-case temperature difference of 210° C.; at room temperature, the device would exceed the maximum operating temperature of existing LEDs, resulting in device failure. In contrast, with θ_(JC)=1° C./W, an LED operating at 30 W results in a junction-to-case temperature difference of only 30° C.; at room temperature (about 20° C.), existing LEDs can remain within their specified operating range. Thus, embodiments of the present invention allow LEDs to operate at higher power (and therefore higher brightness) than has previously been feasible in a compact package.

It should be noted, however, that even with significantly reduced G_(JC), the package will still experience thermal stress under intended operating conditions. Materials, thicknesses, and layouts of metal layers are advantageously selected so as to reduce stress and prevent warping, cracking, or delamination.

For example, in some embodiments, each metal pad and interconnect is formed by sequentially depositing “sub-layers” of different metals on the ceramic layer. FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram showing a metal layer 600 formed on a ceramic surface 601 (e.g., a layer of any of the substrates shown above) according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, metal layer 600 consists of a tungsten (W) sub-layer 602, a nickel (Ni) sub-layer 604, a gold (Au) sub-layer 606, and a silver (Ag) sub-layer 608, deposited in that order. These sub-layers can each be from a few angstroms up to 100 nm or more in thickness, and different sub-layers can have different thicknesses. In one example, the W sub-layer is in the approximate range 1.5-4.5 μm (e.g., about 3.0 μm), the Ni sub-layer in the approximate range 1.2-8.9 μm (e.g., about 3.0 μm), the Au sub-layer in the approximate range 0.2-0.35 μm (e.g., about 0.3 μm), and the Ag sub-layer in the approximate range 2.0-4.5 μm (e.g., about 4.0 μm). In some embodiments, the silver sub-layer is only used for the top-side bond pads, to increase the reflectivity of the floor of the recess. The bottom pads and heat dissipation plate may be made of a single layer of tungsten. Vias and peripheral bond pads can also be made of a single metal, e.g., tungsten, or a combination of metals as described above.

In some embodiment, as described above, metal interconnects are provided between some or all of ceramic layers. In addition to these interconnects, the pattern of metal that is deposited may include “dummy structures,” a term that refers generally to any metal pads, lines or other structures that are not electrically connected to anything else. Such dummy structures can be made from the same sub-layers as the active metal areas (pads, interconnects, etc.). Use of dummy structures may reduce or distribute thermal stress more evenly across the ceramic surface.

FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart of a process 700 for fabricating ceramic substrates for LED packages according to an embodiment of the present invention. At step 702, a homogenized ceramic slurry that will be used to form the ceramic layers is obtained. For example, the slurry may include ceramic particles (e.g., in powder form) dispersed in a solvent (normally liquid). The slurry may also include other additives such as binding agents to interconnect the ceramic particles, plasticizer to dissolve organic compounds, dispersants, wetting agents, defoamers, homogenizers, preservatives, flow control agents, and deflocculants. The slurry may be obtained, e.g., by acquiring it from a third party or by acquiring ingredients and creating the slurry.

At step 704, a “tape” is formed from the ceramic slurry. For example, the slurry can be cast onto a moving carrier surface that has been coated with a smooth “non-stick” film such as plastic or poly(tetrafluoroethylene). A blade spreads the slurry onto the carrier film at a specified thickness, resulting in a smooth tape. The thickness of the sheets can be controlled to produce substrates of different thicknesses (e.g., for the different layers as shown in FIG. 2). Heating elements (e.g., heat lamps) evaporate the solvent. When dry, the ceramic tape is removed from the carrier film.

At step 706, the tape is cut into discrete units, for example, rectangular or square in shape. At step 708, pad indentations (registrations) along the side of the substrate and vias in the interior of the substrate are formed, by mechanical punching, drilling, laser cutting, photolithography, or other techniques. In the case of the upper layers (e.g., layers 204 and 205 in FIG. 2), larger openings may be formed to define recess sidewalls and ledges. The pattern of registrations, vias and other openings is determined based on the desired layout. Depending on the size of the tape, multiple copies of the pattern may be formed in different areas of the tape.

At step 710, the registrations and vias can be filled, e.g., with a homogenized ink or paste comprised of metal powder, or with a series of different metals (e.g., Cu, W, Ni, Au, Ag), each of which can be applied as an ink or paste. At step 712, a first one of the metal sub-layers of FIG. 6 is formed by plating the ceramic substrate with a metal, for example, using screen printing techniques. In one embodiment, a homogenized ink or paste containing the appropriate metal powder (e.g., W, Ni, Au, or Ag) is printed or patterned through a screen on top of the substrate. The thickness of the print can be controlled for each metal, and one or both sides of the substrate can be plated. As indicated at step 714, the plating process can be repeated for each metal sub-layer to form the metal stack of FIG. 6. The same screen (pattern) can be used for each metal. Other processes such as photoimageable thick-film processing or diffusion patterning may be used to plate the ceramic substrate with the successive sub-layers of metal.

At step 716, the sheets corresponding to the different ceramic layers of the substrate (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2) are aligned and laminated (pressed together at high temperature). In one embodiment, step 716 can start with a precondition bake where the individual sheets are baked, e.g., at around 50° C. for about 20-30 minutes. In the lamination process, the sheets are stacked together and pressed, for example at a pressure of around 2000 psi and a temperature around 70° C. for about 10 minutes. Other baking and laminating times, temperatures, and pressures may be used, for example depending upon thickness of the stack.

At step 718, the laminated sheets are cofired. One cofiring process involves two baking stages with controlled ramps. In the first stage, the sheets can be baked for about 2 hours at around 400° C.-500° C.; a temperature ramp of about 1° C. per minute can be used to warm up (e.g., from approximately room temperature) to baking temperature and cool down again (e.g., to approximately room temperature) after the baking time. In the second stage, the sheets can be baked for about 30 minutes at around 850° C.; a temperature ramp of 5° C. per minute can be used to warm up to baking temperature and cool down again after the banking time. It will be appreciated that the cofiring process herein is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. For instance, other times, temperatures, temperature ramps, and pressures may be used, depending, e.g., upon stack thickness; in some processes, a ramp-down to room temperature might not occur between baking stages.

At step 720, individual substrates are singulated by sectioning the laminated sheet, e.g., using a dicing saw, ultrasonic cutting tool, laser cutting tool, or the like.

After the substrate has been fabricated, LEDs can be bonded to the pads on the topmost base layer. Any type of LED can be used, and a mixture of LED types (e.g., different colors) can be bonded to the same substrate. In some embodiments, the LEDs may have one contact pad on top and another on bottom; in other embodiments, both contact pads can be on top. In either case, conventional surface mounting and/or wire bonding techniques can be used. The recess containing the LEDs can be filled with an optically transparent material (e.g., silicone) and covered with a primary lens.

FIG. 8 is a simplified cutaway side view of an assembled LED package 800 according to an embodiment of the invention. Substrate 802 can be a multilayer ceramic-and-metal structure, e.g., as described above. Any number of LEDs 804 can be bonded to the bond pads (not explicitly shown). Recess region 806 can be filled with silicone or other optically transparent media, and primary lens 808 is placed over the top. In one embodiment, the optically transparent medium in region 806 has an index of refraction that closely matches that of primary lens 808, to reduce light loss at the interface. The optically transparent medium can also have adhesive properties to hold primary lens 808 in position.

Primary lens 808 can be made of glass, silicone or other optically transparent material that is suitably resistant to high temperature. Materials with graded refractive index can also be used. As shown in FIG. 8, primary lens 808 can have a “muffin” cross section (other shapes can also be used), with a rounded top portion 810 and a tapered bottom portion 812 with a smaller diameter than top portion 810, thus creating a peripheral support surface 814. Bottom portion 812 is advantageously tapered to match the sidewall of recess region 806 and to extend partway down into recess region 806, leaving a gap between the bottom of lens 808 and the top of LEDs 804. Support surface 814 rests on a ledge 816 surrounding recess region 806 (see, e.g., ledge 212 of FIG. 2). Ledge 816 and support surface 814 can serve as registration features to properly align primary lens 808 with respect to LEDs 804. In addition, in some embodiments, bottom portion 812 of lens 808 can force air out of the optically transparent medium as it is pushed into recess region 806, reducing air bubbles that can lead to light loss and/or cracking of the package (e.g., during reflow when external electrical connections are being made to the package). Other primary lenses can also be used.

A secondary lens (e.g., lens 110 as shown in FIG. 1) can also be attached over the top of package 800. In some embodiments, some or all of the peripheral bond pads of substrate 802 can be used to provide registration features for aligning the secondary lens with primary lens 808; in other embodiments, substrate 802 may include other registration features (e.g., grooves, notches, indentations, bumps, holes, etc.) to aid in alignment of the secondary lens. Heat sinks, fans, electrical connections, housing, and the like can also be added to complete the fabrication of a lamp.

While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications are possible. For instance, the number of LEDs and electrical connectivity thereof provided for on a substrate can be varied as desired. Thus, in various embodiments, each LED might be independently addressable, or groups of LEDs can be connected together and addressed as a unit. Thermal transfer is advantageously provided by the substrate itself, independently of the electrical connectivity.

Any type(s) of LED (broadly understood as any semiconductor device that emits light when a current is applied) can be used, including but not limited to conventional red, green, blue, amber, infrared, and ultraviolet LEDs. Further, different types of LEDs can coexist on the same substrate. Wavelength-shifting material (e.g., phosphor-containing material) may be applied to the surface of the LED, incorporated into the recess, or omitted entirely as desired. In addition, light sensors may be incorporated in place of some of the LEDs, and such light sensors might be used to provide feedback for adjusting the light output using automatic or manual control systems. Thus, any type of solid-state light device (including light emitters, light sensors, and/or any combination thereof) can be used in connection with practicing the present invention.

Further, the materials, processes, and tools described herein are also merely examples and can be varied. For example, the particular metal sub-layers herein can be replaced or augmented with other electrically conductive materials, and more or fewer sub-layers could be used. Different processing techniques can be employed. In addition, all dimensions stated herein are for purposes of illustration and can be varied as desired.

The overall form factor of substrates or packages may be varied from the examples shown herein. Packages can be larger or smaller and need not be square in area; rectangular, circular, or other shapes can be substituted. Substrate thickness can also be varied; the recess can be varied in size and shape (or omitted entirely), and other form-factor modifications made.

In some embodiments, a package can include a primary lens or other refractive media and/or optically transparent media overlying and protecting the LEDs on the substrate. A packages can be incorporated into a lamp having any desired form factor; for example, using the compact substrates described herein, a lamp can be sized and shaped as a replacement for existing incandescent, halogen, or compact fluorescent light bulbs. Entirely new form factors are also contemplated. A lamp can incorporate a heat sink and/or any other thermal management structures that may be desirable to keep the bottom surface of the substrate sufficiently cool, i.e., at a temperature that provides safe operation of the LED given the intended device power and θ_(JC) of a particular substrate.

Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A substrate for a lighting apparatus, the substrate comprising: a plurality of electrically insulating base layers; a plurality of top-side electrical contacts disposed on a top one of the electrically insulating base layers, the plurality of top-side electrical contacts including a plurality of light device pads sized and positioned to accommodate a plurality of light devices; a plurality of external electrical contacts disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate; and a plurality of electrical paths connecting the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrical paths is disposed between the electrically insulating base layers, wherein the electrical paths are arranged such that when light devices are connected to the top-side electrical contacts, the light devices become connected in a plurality of independently addressable groups of light devices, at least one of the independently addressable groups including two or more of the light devices connected in series, wherein each of the independently addressable groups is connected to different ones of the external electrical contacts.
 2. The substrate of claim 1 wherein at least some of the light device pads are sized and shaped to accommodate electrical connections to two different light devices.
 3. The substrate of claim 2 wherein the plurality of electrical paths are arranged to provide an in-series electrical connection for the two different light devices.
 4. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the external electrical contacts are disposed on a plurality of side surfaces of the substrate.
 5. The substrate of claim 1 wherein each of the top-side electrical contacts is connected to a different one of the external electrical contacts.
 6. The substrate of claim 1 wherein two or more of the top-side electrical contacts are connected to a same one of the external electrical contacts.
 7. The substrate of claim 1 wherein at least one of the top-side electrical contacts is connected to at least two of the external electrical contacts.
 8. The substrate of claim 1 wherein the plurality of top-side electrical contacts further includes a plurality of auxiliary contacts, each auxiliary contact being adapted to accommodate a wire bond.
 9. The substrate of claim 8 wherein the number of auxiliary contacts is equal to the number of light device pads.
 10. The substrate of claim 8 wherein the number of auxiliary contacts is less than the number of light device pads.
 11. The substrate of claim 1 further comprising: at least one electrically insulating upper layer overlying the top one of the electrically insulating base layers, wherein each upper layer has an opening therethrough, the opening being sized and shaped such that at least a portion of each of the top-side electrical contacts is disposed within the opening.
 12. The substrate of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of dummy metal structures disposed between the electrically insulating base layers so as to distribute thermal stress across a surface of the electrically insulating base layer, wherein the dummy metal structures are not electrically connected to the plurality of electrical paths.
 13. A substrate for a lighting apparatus, the substrate comprising: a plurality of base layers of an electrically insulating material; a plurality of top-side electrical contacts disposed on a top one of the base layers, the plurality of top-side electrical contacts including a plurality of light device pads, each light device pad having a larger size than a light device to be disposed thereon; a plurality of external electrical contacts disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate; a plurality of electrical paths connecting the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrical paths is disposed between the base layers, wherein the electrical paths are arranged such that when light devices are connected to the top-side electrical contacts, the light devices become connected in a plurality of independently addressable groups of light devices, at least one of the independently addressable groups including two or more of the light devices connected in series, wherein each of the independently addressable groups is connected to different ones of the external electrical contacts; and a metal heat dissipation plate disposed on a bottom surface of a bottom one of the layers, wherein the metal heat dissipation plate is electrically isolated from the plurality of external contact pads.
 14. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the electrically-insulating material comprises a ceramic material.
 15. The substrate of claim 13 wherein each of the plurality of top-side electrical contacts comprises a plurality of sub-layers of different metals.
 16. The substrate of claim 15 wherein the plurality of sub-layers includes a tungsten sub-layer, a nickel sub-layer, and a gold sub-layer.
 17. The substrate of claim 16 wherein the plurality of sub-layers further includes a silver sub-layer.
 18. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the portion of the plurality of electrical paths that is disposed between the base layers comprises a plurality of sub-layers of different metals.
 19. The substrate of claim 18 wherein the plurality of sub-layers includes a tungsten sub-layer, a nickel sub-layer, and a gold sub-layer.
 20. The substrate of claim 13 wherein at least two of the base layers have thicknesses that are different from each other.
 21. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the heat dissipation plate is made of tungsten.
 22. The substrate of claim 13 wherein the heat dissipation plate is circular.
 23. The substrate of claim 13 wherein an area of each of the light device pads is maximized subject to constraints of total area available for the light device pads and a minimum spacing between the light device pads for electrical isolation from other top-side electrical contacts.
 24. The substrate of claim 13 further comprising: at least one electrically insulating upper layer overlying the top one of the electrically insulating base layers, wherein each upper layer has an opening therethrough, the opening being sized and shaped such that at least a portion of each of the top-side electrical contacts is disposed within the opening.
 25. A lighting apparatus comprising: a substrate having: a plurality of electrically insulating base layers; a plurality of top-side electrical contacts disposed on a top one of the electrically insulating base layers, the plurality of top-side electrical contacts including a plurality of light device pads sized and positioned to accommodate a plurality of light devices; a plurality of external electrical contacts disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate; and a plurality of electrical paths connecting the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrical paths is disposed between the electrically insulating base layers; and a plurality of light devices, each of the light devices being disposed on and electrically connected to a different one of the light device pads, wherein the light devices are connected by the plurality of electrical paths in a plurality of independently addressable groups of light devices, at least one of the independently addressable groups including two or more of the light devices connected in series, wherein each of the independently addressable groups is connected to different ones of the external electrical contacts.
 26. The lighting apparatus of claim 25 further comprising a primary lens overlying the plurality of light devices.
 27. The lighting apparatus of claim 25 further comprising: at least one electrically insulating upper layer overlying the top one of the electrically insulating base layers, wherein each upper layer has an opening therethrough, the opening being sized and shaped such that at least a portion of each of the top-side electrical contacts is disposed within the opening.
 28. The lighting apparatus of claim 27 further comprising: a primary lens overlying the upper layer, wherein the primary lens includes a top portion that extends beyond a peripheral edge of the opening in the upper layer and a narrower bottom portion that extends into the opening of the upper layer.
 29. The lighting apparatus of claim 25 wherein the apparatus is operable at a sustained power level of at least 30 watts.
 30. The lighting apparatus of claim 25 wherein the light devices are light-emitting diodes and the apparatus has a thermal conductivity between a junction in a light-emitting diode and a bottom surface of the substrate (θ_(JC)) of about 1° C./W.
 31. The lighting apparatus of claim 25 wherein the plurality of light devices includes a serially connected group of warm white light-emitting diodes and a serially connected group of cool white light-emitting diodes.
 32. A lighting apparatus comprising: a substrate having: a plurality of base layers of an electrically insulating material; a plurality of top-side electrical contacts disposed on a top one of the base layers, the plurality of top-side electrical contacts including a plurality of light device pads, each light device pad having a larger size than a light device to be disposed thereon; a plurality of external electrical contacts disposed on an exterior surface of the substrate; a plurality of electrical paths connecting the top-side electrical contacts to the external electrical contacts, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrical paths is disposed between the base layers; and a metal heat dissipation plate disposed on a bottom surface of a bottom one of the layers, wherein the metal heat dissipation plate is electrically isolated from the plurality of external contact pads; and a plurality of light devices, each of the light devices being disposed on and electrically connected to a different one of the light device pads, wherein the light devices are connected by the plurality of electrical paths in a plurality of independently addressable groups of light devices, at least one of the independently addressable groups including two or more of the light devices connected in series, wherein each of the independently addressable groups is connected to different ones of the external electrical contacts. 